Ω. Microstrip Trace: Embedded Microstrip Trace: Stripline Trace: Dual Stripline Trace: Geometric Parameter Definitions. of typical printed circuit board trace geometries. 74mm. Select a trace impedance profile over the length of the taper. The IPC-2141 trace Impedance calculator will help make initial design easier by allowing the user to input basic parameters and get a calculated impedance according to the IPC-2141 standard. 2) 50 Ohms is 50 Ohms (kind of). Click here to see the user guide of our impedance calculator. What is the width of a trace for 100 ohm impedance? The width of a PCB trace for a specific impedance depends on factors like dielectric material and thickness. The Sierra Circuits High-Speed Design Guide helps you design PCBs with signal frequencies from 50MHz to as high as 3GHz and beyond. 5 mil (0. 725. The inductance of a rectangle loop has three geometric variables: W – rectangle long side. This calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of a broadside couple stripline (see diagram below). When designing differential pairs and determining their impedance, it’s important to understand how coupling will affect the pair. 3 Ohm resistor (0402, 1%, using thermal relief on GND). 378 [mils/oz] ) For IPC-2221 internal layers: k = 0. You can use our calculator to determine various trace components, such as trace temperature, maximum current, resistance, voltage drop and power dissipation. Design and stackup in altium, For ex: 8 layers and impedance control of 100 ohms on layer 2 and 7 and ask your fabricator to suggest a stackup for same 8 layers and trace impedance of 100 ohms for layer 2 and 7 and compare the values. 0 ()' 0 0 K k K k. Step 1 Calculate singled ended impedance for each: Use "impedance + trace space" from top drop down box: Set Z=50R, click single ened, gives a result of. Calculations are based on formulae from IPC-2221. This form of microstrip is composed of two traces. FR4 Impedance Distortion Calc 5. 8mm1. These measurements were gathered from traces that targeted a 50 Ohm impedance. dh-calculators-head-americas. 9 vs. The Simbeor impedance calculator calculates the width(s) required to achieve the specified impedance. Adequate trace width is necessary to ensure the desired amount of current can be transported without overheating and damaging your board. T T = trace thickness. 0mm1. Here, = resistivity at copper. In fact, striplines often make components such as band-pass filter's more accurately, with more symmetric roll-off and no lower cutoff frequency. The IPC-2141 trace Impedance calculator will help make initial design easier by allowing the user to input basic parameters and get a calculated impedance according to the IPC-2141 standard. when i use Saturn PCB design to match the differential impedance to 100ohms i get 0. Hello. To use it, specify the trace dimensions and the ambient temperature. Flex thickness x 24. Like our microstrip line impedance calculator, all of our RF calculators allow SI prefix input. H: Height (thickness) of the dielectric substrate. What is Microstrip Impedance? For my results, I find that the minimum inductance is 292 nH per meter when ( w/h) = 1. So, if we route the differential pair in an FR-4 board with 35um copper and plating thickness the targeted impedance will be close to. At the point of bending, the trace width is 1. Hello ; Considering your post " I am not sure how it's supposed to work " Since JLCPCB produces high precision PCBs then every single parameter should be controlled carefully and that's why we are providing this guide calculator to define what is the trace width and trace space to set in order to maintain a certain impedance value. Rs =. Transformer Turns Calculator Twisted pair impedance Manufacturer Tools; Reference Designs. Figure 24. Microstrip Impedance Calculator. Embedded Microstrip Trace. 024, b = 0. 25mm, a trace width of 0. Our current online trace width calculator is useful for clients who need to calculate the minimum/maximum trace widths for. 063" thick PCB, that means a trace width around 120 mil. 0; 1 < ε r < 15 ) Select the units for all dimensions: mm mils. Spacing with copper weightIf impedance control is necessary, determine the trace width required to reach your impedance target. Microstrip Transmission Line Models. A 90-degrees or lower bend angle may cause trace width mismatches, ultimately leading to unwanted changes in trace impedance characteristics. By formulas from IPC-2221, PCB Trace Width Calculator can estimate the width of copper PCB boards and the trace required under the given current, and at the same time keep the rise in trace temperature not to exceed the limit. 75 mm=30 mil). Differential Impedance of. 6193. The manufacturer can then choose to make a test cupon on the frame outside the actual board and use this width for impedance control. 5. When working with a power rail, high-voltage components, and other portions of your board that are sensitive to heat, you can determine the power trace width you need to use in your layout with a PCB trace width vs. H 1 H 1 = subtrate height 1. Also, the copper thickness affects the minimum trace. I used some online calculator to calculate parameters of trace so it has 50 Ohm impedance. 25 Ohms and is therefore out of the limit. Distance between tracks (s) = 254 micron. 81. Summary. There are four different types of impedance used in characterizing differential trace impedances. Enter the relative permitivity, width of the trace, the ground plane spacing, and the substrate thickness to calculate the characteristic impedance. In HDI boards, where BGAs of fine pitch are used, careful selection of trace widths and height are employed to escape the traces between pads and vias in pads. 0. Yet I got a ZDiff CPW with ground capable calculator: Differential surface coplanar waveguide. A temperature rise in PCB trace width calculator is a tool or software that helps engineers and designers estimate the temperature rise in a PCB trace based on the trace width, current, and other parameters. Calculate trace width values based using the IPC-2221 charts by providing inputs such as current thickness and temperature values. To calculate one of these quantities, the other two must be known. Copper thickness (t) = 18 micron. By formulas from IPC-2221, PCB Trace Width Calculator can estimate the width of copper PCB boards and the trace required under the given current, and at the same time keep the rise in trace temperature not to exceed the limit. Determining trace impedance and propagation delay in PCB traces takes a trace length calculator and impedance profiler tool, and these features work best when they are integrated into your PCB design software. I used a few different tools to calculate the trace impedance with different results. Board thickness (h) = 50 micron. trace width for a characteristic impedance of 50 Ohms on Dk = 4. T T = trace. For example: Yellow Violet Red Gold: 4 7 x100 ±5% = 4700 Ohm, 5% tolerance. Via Current Calci 1. Impedance; Signal Loss; S Parameter. . Odd Mode Impedance (Zodd) Ω . The stripline impedance calculator provided below is useful for gaining an initial estimate of trace impedance for striplines. 100 ohm differential pairs that are tightly coupled have a typical single ended impedance of around 65 ohms. 4-Layer Impedance Control Stackup. Off the top of my head, I can think of Polar and z-calc but I never liked these. Always measure the bend radius from the inside surface of the bend. This phase shift found between the current and voltage in the inductive circuit, nevertheless, prevents them from being exact. PCB Trace Impedance Calculator. and anded up with: so width: 0,47mm. 5mil clearance on a 63 mil board (1. Introducing the newest version of the Microwave Impedance Calculator from Rogers’ Advanced Connectivity Solutions. Sierra Circuits’ Via Impedance Calculator uses the physical dimensions of a via to calculate its capacitance, inductance, and impedance. High-speed PCBs operate in the range of. 44 x A0. The recommended stitching distance between vias should be at most λ/4, with λ/10 as an optimum. Optimization results for example 2. , broadside coupled, embedded microstrips, symmetric or asymmetric. To calculate the proper trace width for routing, PCB layout designers must add these parameters to the circuit's impedance specifications. Differential Impedance of Microstrip. Stripline Impedance. 48. By inputting the dielectric constant, trace width, trace height, and trace thickness, the calculator provides a quick and reliable way to determine the required trace geometry. g. 25 mm (about 10 mils) might achieve a 100-ohm characteristic impedance. they normally use 7. F-A t t enua t o rs. Tuning the Width and Gap Settings. Reset. 25mm between the differential pair with a width of 0. The other option is to use a calculator based on either IPC-2152 or IPC-2221 standards. 8mm thickness). The way to calculate the inductance is to first calculate impedance, and then use the impedance to calculate the trace inductance. The fabricator will advise what material thicknesses are available and what precision they can achieve for trace widths. Review: A new PCB stack-up design and impedance calculator is available for download from Istvan Nagy (see link below). 1kOhm, 1% tolerance: Brown Black Black Brown Brown. 92445. 05; The manufacturer provides a stack up as well as a 2D calculator for determining trace width: here The manufacture's calculator computes 3. From the target impedance and target tolerance, the software calculates the Trace Width. Reference: R. 08mm, my trace width should be 0. Resistor Calculator Length Conversion Ohm's Law Calculator Parallel and Series Resistor Calculator PCB Trace Width Calculator Pressure Conversion Reactance Calculator Resistor Color Code Calculator Series and Parallel Capacitor Calculator Temperature Conversion Time Constant Conversion Voltage Divider Calculator Volume Conversion. To configure the board layers and input the material widths, go to the “Design” pulldown menu and click on “Layer Stack Manager”. Use the KiCad calculator (or other calculator) to estimate the trace width, associated with the distance to ground, required to get the impedance you wantCoax Impedance (Transmission Line) Calculator. 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Impedance captures the real and complex. W is calculated to achieve a trace impedance (Z0)Controlled impedance. 13mm (depends on manufacturer's specs) and you get a trace width of ~0. 7mil. 001 inch). W represents trace width. The general rule is separation distance should be equal to 3 times the trace width. The application will often drive the trace widths and types in a PCB design and at a certain point, there is. The IPC-2141 trace Impedance calculator will help make initial design easier by allowing the user to input basic parameters and get a calculated impedance according to the IPC-2141 standard. To reach 90Ohms, there are 2 ways (or there is another, please advise!): 1. We recommend the software from Polar Instruments if you want to get exact impedance calculation. This calculator finds both odd and even transmission line impedance. To use these to design for a target impedance, simply cycle through various geometric values for the trace width until the calculator returns the target impedance. This means that the actual trace width for a 50 ohm line could vary from design to design. Can anyone explain this discrepancy?Saturn PCB Toolkit is the best tool for PCB Designer to calculate trace width, via current calculation, Thermal dissipation, etc. It displays the impedance of the input and output match in a 50Ω test environment as measured on a network analyzer. The inductance of a broadside coupled trace is easy to calculate. Printed Circuit Board Width Tool . These important design features are. 01) and dielectric constant (3. Convert psi to bar, kgf/cm2 to psi, bar to kgf/cm2, and other units like pa, mmH2O, inches H2O, psf and atmosphere with the pressure measurement conversion calculator. To calculate PCB trace resistance, The 50 ohm PCB trace calculator is designed considering the following formula. The default units for all given values, except the subtrate. Factors affecting impedance. It is now a major exercise to evaluate the impedance using a calculator or spreadsheet. 378tA. In PCB design software with a built-in impedance calculator. The trace width is calculated as follows: First, the Area is calculated: Area [mils^2] = (Current [Amps]/ (k* (Temp_Rise [deg. The tool implements numerical solutions of Maxwell’s equations to render accurate and consistent results. INPUT DATA. This calculator will calculate trace current/temperature parameters for virtually any size trace thickness and width. While this calculator will provide a baseline, any final design considerations should be made towards loss, dispersion, copper roughness, phase shift, etc. Convert units, calculate control impedance, trace width & via current. Color Code. 127mm. F-A t t enua t o rs. 68. IPC 6012 CLASS 2. 7 ohms. Now also calculates DC resistance with temperature compensation. As you adjust the width of the line, you can eventually get the microstrip impedance calculator to converge on the desired impedance value, and you have finished designing the microstrip trace. All transmission lines are 1 ounce thick (1. 725. 2 Stripline Impedance A circuit trace routed on an inside layer of the PCB with two low-voltage refere nce planes (such as, power and / or GND) constitutes a stripline layout. Note: The results are only for approximation and rough estimation, the final values and the. 6. Loss of a CPW line is primarily due to dielectric, radiative, and conductor losses. A uniform transmission line on a PCB has a definite trace width and height, and is at a uniform distance from the return path conductor - which is usually a plane at a certain distance from the. EEWeb provides a suite of Microstrip Impedance Calculators as follows: Microstrip Impedance Calculator; Embedded. But it can calculate the wave impedance of a trace that feeds an antenna structure. Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator. The trace width is calculated as follows: First, the Area is calculated: Area [mils^2] = (Current [Amps]/ (k* (Temp_Rise [deg. So just set the. 3 V DC ±5%). 7563 mm (~30 mils). The calculator utilizes the formula for calculating the impedance of a microstrip trace: Impedance (Z) = [87 / √(ε + 1. The JLCPCB Impedance Calculator computes track width values and recommended stack-ups from user-input values of board thickness, copper weight, layer,. The required values are trace thickness, substrate heights, trace width, and subtrate dielectric in the calculator above and press the "calculate" button. With a standard 0. It is not uncommon that the calculated trace width will be a value that cannot be ordered, for. 6mm thick. The calculator has an input box for the resistivity which defaults to 1. 048 x dT0. Changing the stack-up will affect the calculated trace width for impedance-controlled traces; however it will not automatically update existing traces. For 2. 1,370. 10. PCB Trace Impedance Calculations. This is good enough so we can now switch to the “Coupled Microstrip Line” calculator. Use the results from #3 to calculate the width profile with. Just enter the given values for trace thickness, substrate heights, trace width, and substrate dielectric in the. , 0. Calculate the pcb trace impedance of. An embedded microstrip can be constructed using a microstrip with a solder mask. The trace width of the GCPW was approximately 24 mils. To use this tool, enter the values for trace thickness, substrate height, trace width. In HDI boards, where BGAs of fine pitch are used, careful selection of trace widths and height are employed to escape the traces between pads and vias in pads. Uncoated Microstrip Differential Pair Impedance Calculator . These calculators will return an impedance value for pairs of trace width, substrate thickness, and copper weight values. The Fairchild application note also says that the differential characteristic impedance of the D+ and D- lines should be 90 ohms. Figure 2. If you reduce this trace width to 19 mils, the characteristic impedance will result in about 52. The best way to calculate trace impedance is by using a trace impedance calculator. Calculates the characteristic impedance and per-unit-length parameters. This procedure produces the result ( w/h) = 1. Min. 0. 25mm trace. There are several parameters to consider when determining impedance,. The impedance of a trace is decided by its width and height from a reference plane. These important design features are incorporated into your design rules, making impedance-controlled routing quick and easy. Note: The trace on the inner layer need to be much wider than the trace on the outer. You can also calculate the accurate drill diameter, via to via spacing, and the thermal vias that. 3. 25cm recommended. Sierra Circuits’ Via Impedance Calculator uses the physical dimensions of a via to calculate its capacitance, inductance, and impedance. Computes trace width, maximum temperature rise above ambient, and current capacity; Calculates resistance and voltage drop across a given trace lengthFor a first design (e. Maintain consistent trace widths to ensure controlled impedance. A cross-hatch plane is shown in the image below. 5mm, T=0. This free trace width calculator is based on IPC-2152. In this calculator, we will show you how to calculate the trace width of a PCB for both internal and external traces. 29mm but this width is about 10 times larger than the pins. Access Advanced Circuits' printed circuit board trace width tool. Calculate inductance, capacitance, and achieve impedance matching using L-match. 4. 0; 1 <. 4 mm, trace spacing S = 0. The simplest way for a controlled impedance is to just calculate some track width, (and gap for differential pairs), send the geometry to any PCB manufacturer and hope for the best. A PCB. Dielectric loss is lower in a CPW line than in a microstrip line as the electric field lines are evenly divided between the air and dielectric, whereas with a microstrip line most of the field is concentrated in the dielectric. Aside from impedance and annular ring calculations, one of the other major formulas specified in this standard relates temperature rise, trace width, and trace current. In a traditional PCB design, the designer specifies the width/clearance of the trace to satisfy the current/voltage requirements. A PCB impedance calculator uses field solvers to accurately approximate impedance values. 8 with 2-oz copper. 6mm) That should give the traces around 90 Ohms differential impedance according to the PDF, but when I try to input it to my impedance calculator (Saturn PCB toolkit V7. H eff = H 1 + H 2 2 H e f f = H 1 + H 2 2. Trace Impedance Calculator. Z 0 is the characteristic impedance of the asymmetric stripline in ohms (Ω). . The ideal characteristic impedance usually ranges between fifty to fifty-five ohms. With the RF Attenuator utility you can calculate the values of the resistors needed for different types of Matching the differential trace length and keeping the distances between the traces consistent is a common practice. Pick a signal frequency for your taper. 3mm of the microcontroller), therefore i rounded the width to 0. Correct track impedance is the first point usually made in various online sources I've found on the subject, so I tried to get the microstrip impedance calculator to get as close the desired 100 Ohm. 03) it gives me almost 160 Ohm - and even if use 53mil conductor height or. 725. Place critical components, such as microcontrollers or high-speed ICs, close to the power source to avoid trace stubs. RF Wireless World. Where a Microstrip Line Calculator Fails. They include conductor spacing, creepage, and insulation requirements. 19mm) traces with 7. This calculator finds both odd and even transmission line impedance. The Track Width tool calculates the trace width for printed circuit board conductors for a given current and temperature rise. Just enter the given values for trace thickness, substrate heights, trace width and substrate dielectric in the calculator above and press the "calculate" button. Menu. 4 mil, εr. Maintain consistent trace widths to ensure controlled impedance. 2 of the Microstrip Calculator, h=H1 and b=H2-H1. PCB Trace Width Calculator. The Microstrip Impedance Calculator is a vital tool in the design and analysis of microwave circuits. Obviously, there is no ground on the bottom side. This is the structure that the freeware impedance calculator analyzed and incorrectly reported the impedance to be 50 ohms. A standard trace width for an ordinary signal (no special requirements) may be in the 7-12 mil range and be as long as a few inches, but there are many things that should be considered when defining the width and length of a trace. Use a field solver that can account for dispersion and copper roughness. 906mil. Use the following guidelines. The new IPC-2152 standard is a significant improvement over the previous IPC-2221 standard. Z0,air Z 0, a i r = characteristic impedance of air. Get latest updates and offers. Sierra Circuits’ Trace Width, Current Capacity and Temperature Rise Calculator is an advanced PCB tool that works based on the latest IPC-2152 standard. Effective Dielectric Constant (Ɛ_eff) Impedance. 031. The KiCad PCB Calculator is a set of utilities to help you find the values of components or other parameters of a layout. 5 mil which we can round to 14 mil. Relative Dielectric Constant ( εr ): Track Width. The surface finish is neglected. This tool includes an industry-standard field solver that is built into your PCB layer stackup. The edge couple differential microstrip transmission line is a common technique for routing differential traces. Before, working with a trace impedance calculator, one should be aware of which equations the calculation uses. This application note from Fairchild (alternative link), which is one of the top Google results, says that D+ and D- trace single-ended impedance should be 45 ohms. 15 mm; substrate dielectric 4. 0mm 1. Note that Zdiff (differential impedance) is equal to 2 * Zodd, so a Zodd of 45 Ω gives us a Zdiff of 90 Ω. Consider the following points to limit the flexible PCB errors in the bend areas: Avoid 90-degree bends. Since impedance traces are not specified here, the manufacturing focus is completely upon building a board within +/-10% tolerance of the specified dielectric thickness from layer to layer. Using this calculator, based on my earlier question I'll need to make sure to approach 90Ohms with the "Impedance (differential)". 1 of the Microstrip Calculator using H2 in place of h, εr,eff can be computed as specified in Eq. The impedance of a trace is decided by its width and height from a reference plane. Single Ended Impedance Ω. Note: Units do not matter for this calculation as long as they are consistent. The Calculator has the following tools:. 30967mm) is slightly larger the size of the smallest pad (0. Note: Units do not matter for this calculation as long as they are consistent. IPC-2152 Calculator. T. The information should include the impedance value, the trace width, the spacing for. Results. So, you need to calculate how much resistance a PCB trace can provide. Advanced Electronics Solutions. They are very simple to read, and the values in. Sierra Circuits follow this. Calculates the characteristic impedance and per-unit-length parameters of typical printed circuit board trace geometries. This is more than the to times trace width which is recommended (also read as close as possibly). This calculator helps translating the color bars from the resistor to its value. Online calculators will generally use Wadell's equations to determine the transmission line impedance numerically. PCB Via Calculator March 12, 2006. IPC-A-600 Inspectors. The required inputs are the Dk value for the dielectric constant of the PCB substrate, and the. Spacing with copper weight If impedance control is necessary, determine the trace width required to reach your impedance target. All the impedance matching trace width calculator seem to consider that there is a ground plane on bottom. Abrupt changes in trace width cause impedance discontinuities. To update trace width, select the traces of interest and use the "Route > Retrace Selected" command. With the RF Attenuator utility you can calculate the values of the resistors needed for different types ofThis calculator is designed to calculate the characteristic impedance of an edge coupled stripline. The new version includes: Additional dielectric materials. Rectangle Loop Inductance Calculator. The required inputs are the Dk value for the dielectric constant of the PCB substrate, and the. What is the width of a trace for 100 ohm impedance? The width of a trace for a specific impedance depends on the dielectric constant, height above the reference plane, and other parameters. Each trace was terminated with a 50. With the RF Attenuator utility you can calculate the values of the resistors needed for different types ofThe impedance value of the 20 mils trace is 37. 062. (Sorry guys, I live and I have grown up in a metric world ) With these values, Saturn PCB's off-line calculator gives 57 Ohm differential impedance. 2. The trace impedance calculators that design tools often provide can be used to do these calculations. Ls =. The best way to calculate trace impedance is by using a trace impedance calculator. 035mm and Er = 4. Microstrip. Trace Thickness (T) 2. Menu. 98mil. Provide values for H, T, W and the relative permittivity of the dielectric and click the button corresponding to unknown parameter Z o to calculate its value. The shortcomings of crosshatch or mesh as a high frequency return path. Vias (plated holes) are used to route electrical signals among different layers of a multilayer. W W = trace width. Therefore, the IPC-2141 equations are only accurate when attempting to calculate a trace width corresponding to a 50 Ohm single-ended. 15 mil, and the inductance would be 6. Twisted-Pair Impedance Calculator; Stripline Trace Width Calculator;. T=trace height . Abrupt changes in trace width cause impedance discontinuities. 12cm, with 1. per sq. Just as a sanity check, we can quickly calculate the total inductance of a trace. Effect of trace thickness on calculationsPCB Trace Width Calculator & PCB Trace Resistance Calculator per IPC-2152 . 3 shall be used. Edge Coupled Stripline Differential Impedance Calculator. Then, using a standard PCB trace impedance calculator or using the formulas in a textbook, you’ll find that the required trace width is 13 mils. While this calculator will provide a baseline, any final design considerations should be made towards loss, dispersion, copper roughness, phase shift, etc. Single-ended routing using Altium Designer. Via is considered as a cylinder of copper and its circumference is 2 𝝅r or 𝝅d where d is the size of via hole. This RLC impedance calculator will help you to determine the impedance formula for RLC, phase difference, and Q of RLC circuit for a given sinusoidal signal frequency. 6mm2. 0. 99:. 0; 1 < εr < 15 ) Select the units for all dimensions: mm mils. H 2 is the subtrate h2. Input Your Specs to Get Started. For example, if you wish to input "25000000", just type "25M" instead. At 2 amps I'd worry more about voltage drops. Controlling trace width within a tolerance of +/- 10% is necessary for better impedance control. Coplanar Waveguide Analysis/Synthesis Calculator. Using this application, you can quickly identify the thermal resistance of a single or a combination of vias. BGA3. A trace width calculator is a tool used to calculate the width of a trace on a printed circuit board (PCB). The tool implements numerical solutions of Maxwell’s equations to render accurate and consistent results. T is the trace thickness [oz/ft 2], W is the trace width [mils], R is the resistance [Ω], ρ is the resistivity parameter, whose value for copper is 1. Here is a couple of calculator links:These calculators use a solution for the trace width in terms of impedance, or they use an iterative numerical technique to calculate the trace width from impedance. In reality, we don’t need to use that trace width due to the way the traces in differential pairs will couple to each other. Then, using a standard PCB trace impedance calculator or using the formulas in a textbook, you’ll find that the required trace width is 13 mils. See below for the definition of these impedances. 024, b = 0. Most designers take the controlled impedance approach and devise a target for their trace width/spacing for single-ended and differential channels. 2 High Speed USB Trace Spacing Figure 2-1 provides an illustration of the recommended trace spacing while Table 2-1 gives some trace calculation examples. W: trace width: T: trace thickness: H (/H1)Once these decisions are made, a designer needs to determine the PCB trace width required to hit their required PCB transmission line impedance. Impedance quality = Q = L/Rs 2. Vias (plated holes) are used to route electrical signals among different layers of a multilayer. A calculator designed to calculate the trace width of a stripline based on the maximum current rating Embedded Microstrip Impedance Calculator This calculator helps you compute the characteristic impedance of an embedded. You will see the trace width is 5. Radar Calculators. PCB Trace Width Calculator This tool uses formulas from IPC-2221 to calculate the width of a copper printed circuit board conductor or "trace" required to carry a given current. For my senior project, I am designing a simple rectangular patch antenna array that is steerable using a phase shifter IC.